One of these subsequent censorship orders, issued on 23 September, was especially notable in that it empowered the Guardia Civil to block not only a list of named websites, but also any future sites with content related to the referendum, publicised on any social network by a member of the Catalonian Government. This order accelerated the blocking of additional websites without any further court order. These apparently included the censorship of non-partisan citizen collectives (such as empaperem.cat) and other non-profit organizations (assemblea.cat, webdelsi.cat, alerta.cat), and campaign websites by legal political parties (prenpartit.cat).

On 29 September, a separate court order was obtained requiring Google to remove a voting app from the Google Play app store. Similar to the 23 September order, the order also required Google to remove any other apps developed by the same developer. Those violating such orders by setting up mirrors, reverse proxies, or alternative domains for blocked content were summoned to court and face criminal charges. One of these activists also had his GitHub and Google accounts seized.

Needless to say, even if the blocking of electoral information pursuant to these court orders was legitimate and proportionate (we don't believe it was), it was inevitable that the orders would result in overblocking and restriction of lawful content. An example of this was the blocking of the domain gateway.ipfs.io. This domain is the main webserver for the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), an experimental internet protocol for distributed storage of information. Although some information on the 1 October referendum was hosted on this distributed filesystem, this was a tiny proportion of the information that was blocked. Closer to home, on the day of the referendum itself, the internet was shut down at polling places in an effort to prevent votes from being transmitted to returning officers.

Throughout this unrest, a group of activists sharing the Twitter account @censura1oct has been verifying the blocks from multiple ISPs, and sharing information about the technical measures used. All of the censorship measures that were put in place in the leadup to the referendum appeared to remain in place at the time of writing of this article, though we don't know for how much longer. The Spanish government no doubt hopes that its repression of political speech in Catalonia will be forgotten if the censored sites come back online quickly. We need to ensure that that is not the case.

With an extremely narrow range of exceptions, government censorship of the internet is prohibited by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, both of which guarantee everyone's right to receive and impart information and ideas regardless of frontiers. The Spanish government's censorship of online speech during the Catalonian referendum period is so wildly disproportionate and overbroad, that its violation of these instruments seems almost beyond dispute.

This article was originally published at https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/10/no-justification-spanish-internet-censorship-during-catalonian-referendum

.cat Domain a Casualty in Catalonian Independence Crackdown (21.09.2017) https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/cat-domain-casualty-catalonian-independence-crackdown

Spanish court orders Google to delete app used for Catalan independence vote (29.09.2017) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia-google/spanish-court-orders-google-to-delete-app-used-for-catalan-independence-vote-idUSKCN1C42JZ?il=0

The Catalan High Court of Justice orders to block the websites about the 1-O that are advertised by the Catalan Government members through social media (only in Spanish, 23.09.2017) http://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/MINUTO-Diada_13_685361458_12457.html

The manager arrested in Madrid due to the 1-O leaves the dungeons to go on trial in Barcelona (only in Spanish, 20.09.2017) https://ultimahora.es/noticias/nacional/2017/09/20/293127/directiva-detenida-madrid-por-abandona-calabozos-para-pasar-disposicion-judicial-barcelona.html

The Ministry of Internal Affairs manages to block the application of the universal census throughout Catalonia (only in Spanish, 01.10.2017) http://www.elcomercio.es/politica/especialistas-interior-tratan-20171001093603-ntrc.html 

Freedom of expression: Limitations https://www.article19.org/pages/en/limitations.html